I’ve only recently discovered the work of the wonderful Gee’s Bend Quiltmakers (also here and here). These quilts have been created by generations of women in the isolated African-American hamlet of Gee’s Bend, in rural South West Alabama. The earliest identified quilt maker was Dinah Miller in 1859. Throughout the post-civil war years and into the 20th century, the women of Gee’s Bend made their quilts from scrap materials such as old shirts, overalls, aprons and dress bottoms. They did this from necessity not art. Even now the average income is less than $10,000 and these quilts were needed to keep themselves and their children warm in unheated shacks that lacked running water, telephones and electricity.
Gee’s Bend and the Civil Rights Movement
Gee’s Bend is very isolated. Until the 1960s there was a primitive ferry which reduced the journey time significantly. However, when black residents of Gee’s Bend began taking the ferry to the county seat at Camden to try to register to vote the local authorities reacted by closing the ferry service.
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/fabric-of-their-lives-132757004/
The shutdown of the 15-minute ferry ride forced the residents of Gee’s Bend to drive, if indeed they had a car, 40 miles over narrow rural roads to get to the county courthouse in Camden, then 40 miles back. They would be without a ferry service for over forty years. Even when federal funding was agreed in the 1990s it still took until 2006 before it reopened. Such enforced isolation made already hard times even harder.
Recognition
From the 1960s onward, the opening of the Freedom Quilting Bee in nearby Alberta, which had many from Gee’s Bend as members, began to generate increased attention, although the aim of the Quilting Bee was to meet commercial contracts for the likes of Sears, not sell the work of individual quilters. It took until the late 1990s to generate real interest after art collector, historian, and curator William Arnett began to buy quilts from Gee’s Bend makers.
Arnett organized an exhibition called, “The Quilts of Gee’s Bend” at the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston. This later travelled to a dozen other locations across the USA. The exhibition featured sixty quilts created by forty-five artists. When it reached New York, one critic rather gushingly described the quilts as “some of the most miraculous works of modern art America has produced. Imagine Matisse and Klee (if you think I’m wildly exaggerating, see the show), arising not from rarefied Europe, but from the caramel soil of the rural South.” In 2006, the US Post Office issued a set of stamps to commemorate their work, but without giving individual credits.
While this exhibition brought fame to the quilts, Arnett’s relationship with the quilters was troubled and in 2007, two of them filed lawsuits alleging they had been cheated out of thousands of dollars from the sales of their quilts. The lawsuit was resolved and dismissed without comment from lawyers on either side in 2008. From the outside it is hard to work out what really happened, but it seems that the issue is in part the nature of the art market, where pieces travel from dealer to dealer at ever inflated prices.
The future
Despite the controversy, the Souls Grown Deep Foundation, created by Arnett, continues to collect and organize exhibitions for Gees Bend Quilts. It is also managing multiple campaigns to support the quiltmakers and African-American artists in general. They aim to provide documentation, marketing, and fund-raising, as well as education and opportunity for quiltmakers. The foundation is also involved in a multi-year campaign with the Artists Rights Society to protect intellectual property rights for the artists of Gee’s Bend. Some of the quilters have been selling on Etsy for a while, but from February they are creating their own brand presence. Sadly, but not unexpectedly, the site is however already overrun with knockoffs and attempts to cash in on the name. The domain name geesbendquilts[dot]com appears to have been hijacked by someone in Indonesia.
The work of the women of Gee’s Bend raises many questions about the nature of art, challenging as it does the mainstream view that art is made by people who call themselves artists. The utilitarian nature of these quilts is married with a real aesthetic sense that has created objects of great beauty which are indeed art. In achieving that state, they need no validation by comparisons to Klee or Matisse or any other artists. Nor are they ‘outsider art’ except from the perspective of those who wish to control the cultural narrative. They are not ‘naïve’ or ‘folk’ art – their artistic decisions are just as sophisticated as those of the artists with which they are compared.
The artists
The community of Gee’s Bend are just as much an artistic community as places like St Ives. Even more so perhaps, since their art genuinely springs from the community and continues through the generations. Reading various interviews with the quilters it looks as if they are finally being recognised as individual artists and the money generated is finally beginning to have an impact locally. The Gee’s Bend Quilting Collective currently has 50 members, working as ever to make each quilt unique. Two members (China and Mary Ann Pettway) now run quilting retreats, passing on their skills to quilters and makers across America.
I would love to list all the artist’s names, but I haven’t been able to find a definitive list. The list of quilters on the Souls Grown Deep website numbers 120 but over the generations there must have been many more whose names are now lost to us. The list below is drawn from the Foundation website and is based on the works acquired by Arnett and then held by the Souls Grown Deep Foundation.
Nellie Mae Abrams 1946 – 2005
Willie “Ma Willie” Abrams 1897 – 1987
Ella Bendolph 1904 – 1995
Louisiana P. Bendolph 1960 –
Annie Bendolph 1900 – 1981
Mary Lee Bendolph 1935 –
Margaret Bennett 1916 – 1994
Polly Bennett 1922 – 2003
Linda Diane Bennett 1955 – 1988
Mary L. Bennett 1942 –
Amelia Bennett 1914 – 2002
Agatha P. Bennett 1919 – 2006
Delia Bennett 1892 – 1976
Loretta Pettway Bennett 1960 –
Maggie Benning 1891 – 1985
Willie Ann Benning 1927 –
Sarah Benning 1933 –
Della Mae Bridges 1905 – 2000
Emma Lee Pettway Campbell 1928 – 2002
Minnie Sue Coleman 1926 – 2012
Minder Coleman 1903 – 1999
Ruby Gamble 1918 – 2001
Rachel Carey George 1908 – 2011
Eddie Lee Pettway Green 1926 –
Queen Hall 1938 – 2015
Pearlie Pettway Hall 1908 – 2000
Gloria Hoppins 1955 –
America Irby 1916 – 1993
Ella Mae Irby 1923 – 2001
Sally Bennett Jones 1944 – 1988
Marlene Bennett Jones 1947 –
Rebecca Myles Jones c. 1896 – 1986
Ruth Kennedy 1926 – 2020
Nettie Jane Kennedy 1916 – 2002
Mary Elizabeth Kennedy 1911 – 1991
Clementine Kennedy 1904 – 1974
Seebell Kennedy 1915 – 1981
Nazareth Major 1947 – 2020
Lizzie Major 1922 – 2011
Helen McCloud 1938 –
Gertrude Miller 1884 – 1970
Lucy Mingo 1931 –
Lottie Mooney 1908 – 1992
Lucy Mooney c. 1880 – 1969
Flora Moore 1951 –
Aolar Carson Mosely 1912 – 1999
Ruth Pettway Mosely 1928 – 2006
Sadie Bell Nelson 1936 – 1981
Addie Pearl Nicholson 1931 –
Mertlene Perkins 1917 – 2015
Martha Pettway 1911 – 2005
Candis Pettway 1924 – 1997
Leola Pettway 1929 – 2010
Lottie Pettway 1914 – 1997
China Pettway 1952 –
Henrietta Pettway 1894 – 1971
Emma Mae Hall Pettway 1932 –
Nellie Pettway 1940 –
Lola Pettway 1941 –
Louella Pettway 1921 – 2006
Arie Pettway 1909 – 1993
Plummer T. Pettway 1918 – 1993
Arlonzia Pettway 1923 – 2008
Beatrice Pettway 1928 – 1988
Edwina Pettway 1950 –
Essie Bendolph Pettway 1956 –
Belinda Pettway 1957 –
Joerina Pettway c. 1881 – 1945
Mensie Lee Pettway 1939 –
Jennie Pettway 1900 – 1990
Joanna Pettway 1924 – 1993
Nancy Pettway 1935 –
Lillie Mae Pettway 1927 – 1990
Lucille Bennett Pettway 1921 – 1999
Annie E. Pettway 1904 – 1972
Katie Mae Pettway 1950 –
Creola Bennett Pettway 1927 – 2015
Mary Ann Pettway 1900 – 1953
Vera Pettway
Annette Pettway 1964 –
Allie Pettway 1916 – 2010
Sweet T. Pettway 1903 – 1983
Indiana Bendolph Pettway 1913 – 1996
Jessie T. Pettway 1929 –
Marie Pettway 1926 – 1987
Malissia Pettway 1914 – 1997
Loretta Pettway 1942 –
Annie Bell Pettway 1930 – 2003
Rita Mae Pettway 1941 –
Nell Parker Pettway c. 1914 – 1981
Lorraine Pettway 1953 –
Lucy P. Pettway 1930 – 2003
Martha Jane Pettway 1898 – 2003
Missouri Pettway 1902 – 1981
Lutisha Pettway 1925 – 2001
Pearlie Kennedy Pettway 1920 – 1982
Linda Pettway 1929 – 2012
Pearlie Irby Pettway c. 1898 – 1955
Qunnie Pettway 1943 – 2010
Arcola Pettway 1934 – 1994
Lucy T. Pettway 1921 – 2004
Stella Mae Pettway 1952 –
Sally Mae Pettway Mixon 1965 –
Bettie Bendolph Seltzer 1939 – 2017
Sue Willie Seltzer 1921 – 2010
Florine Smith 1948 –
Mary Spencer 1949 – 2017
Gearldine Westbrook 1919 – 2016
Hannah Wilcox 1896 – 1973
Irene Williams 1920 – 2015
Andrea Williams 1973 –
Nell Hall Williams 1933 –
Patty Ann Williams 1898 – 1972
Liza Jane Williams 1916 – 1988
Magalene Wilson 1898 – 2001
Lucy L. Witherspoon 1953 –
Estelle Witherspoon 1916 – 1998
Aestean P. Young 1936 – 2001
Deborah Pettway Young 1916 – 1997
Ethel Young 1910 – 2000
Annie Mae Young 1928 – 2013
Nettie Young 1916 – 2010